Major General John F. Reynolds in the Civil War

Major General John F. Reynolds was a noted commander in the Union Army during the Civil War. A native of Pennsylvania, he graduated from West Point in 1841 and distinguished himself during the Mexican-American War. With the beginning of the Civil War, Reynolds quickly moved up through the ranks of the Army of the Potomac and proved to be one its finest field commanders. Despite his battlefield record, he was frequently frustrated by the political restraints placed on the army and likely turned down command of it in 1863. Reynolds was lost on July 1, 1863, when he was killed leading his men onto the field during the opening stages of the Battle of Gettysburg. Early Life The son  of John and Lydia Reynolds, John Fulton Reynolds was born at Lancaster, PA on September 20, 1820. Initially educated in nearby Lititz, he later attended the Lancaster County Academy. Electing to pursue a military career like his older brother William who had entered the US Navy, Reynolds sought an appointment to West Point. Working with a family friend, (future president) Senator James Buchanan, he was able to obtain admission and reported to the academy in 1837. While at West Point, Reynolds classmates included Horatio G. Wright, Albion P. Howe, Nathaniel Lyon, and Don Carlos Buell. An average student, he graduated in 1841 ranked twenty-sixth in a class of fifty. Assigned to the 3rd US Artillery at Fort McHenry, Reynolds time in Baltimore proved brief as he received orders for Fort Augustine, FL the following year. Arriving at the end of the Second Seminole War, Reynolds spent the next three years at Fort Augustine and Fort Moultrie, SC. Mexican-American War With the outbreak of the Mexican-American War in 1846 following Brigadier General Zachary Taylors victories at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, Reynolds was instructed to travel to Texas. Joining Taylors army at Corpus Christi, he took part in the campaign against Monterrey that fall. For his role in the citys fall, he received a brevet promotion to captain. Following the victory, the bulk of Taylors army was transferred for Major General Winfield Scotts operation against Veracruz. Remaining with Taylor, Reynolds artillery battery played a key role in holding the American left at the Battle of Buena Vista in February 1847. In the fighting, Taylors army succeeded in holding off a larger Mexican force commanded by General  Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna. In recognition of his efforts, Reynolds was brevetted to major. While in Mexico, he befriended Winfield Scott Hancock and Lewis A. Armistead. Antebellum Years Returning north after the war, Reynolds spent the next several years in garrison duty in Maine (Fort Preble), New York (Fort Lafayette), and New Orleans. Ordered west to Fort Orford, Oregon in 1855, he took part in the Rogue River Wars. With the end of hostilities, the Native Americans in the Rogue River Valley were moved to the Coast Indian Reservation. Ordered south a year later, Reynolds joined Brigadier General Albert S. Johnstons forces during the Utah War of 1857-1858. Fast Facts: Major General John F. Reynolds Rank: Major GeneralService: US/Union ArmyBorn: September 20, 1820 in Lancaster, PADied: July 1, 1863 in Gettysburg, PAParents: John and Lydia ReynoldsConflicts: Mexican-American War, Civil WarKnown For: Second Battle of Manassas, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, and Battle of Gettysburg. The Civil War Begins In September 1860, Reynolds returned to West Point to serve as Commandant of Cadets and an instructor. While there, he became engaged to Katherine May Hewitt. As Reynolds was a Protestant and Hewitt a Catholic, the engagement was kept secret from their families. Remaining for the academic year, he was at the academy during the election of President Abraham Lincoln and the resulting Secession Crisis. With the beginning of the Civil War, Reynolds initially was offered a post as an aide-de-camp to Scott, the general-in-chief of the US Army. Declining this offer, he was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 14th US Infantry but received a commission as a brigadier general of volunteers (August 20, 1861) before he could assume this post. Directed to newly-captured Cape Hatteras Inlet, NC, Reynolds was en route when Major General George B. McClellan instead requested that he join the newly-formed Army of the Potomac near Washington, DC. Reporting for duty, he first served on a board that assessed volunteer officers before receiving command of a brigade in the Pennsylvania Reserves. This term was used to refer to regiments raised in Pennsylvania that were in excess of the number originally requested of the state by Lincoln in April 1861. To the Peninsula Commanding the 1st Brigade of Brigadier General George McCalls Second Division (Pennsylvania Reserves), I Corps, Reynolds first moved south into Virginia and captured Fredericksburg. On June 14, the division was transferred to Major General Fitz John Porters V Corps which was taking part in McClellans Peninsula Campaign against Richmond. Joining Porter, the division played a key role in the successful Union defense at the Battle of Beaver Dam Creek on June 26. As the Seven Days Battles continued, Reynolds and his men were assaulted by General Robert E. Lees forces again the next day at the Battle of Gaines Mill. Having not slept in two days, an exhausted Reynolds was captured by Major General D.H. Hills men after the battle while resting in Boatswains Swamp. Taken to Richmond, he was briefly held at Libby Prison before being exchanged on August 15 for Brigadier General Lloyd Tilghman who had been captured at Fort Henry. Returning to the Army of the Potomac, Reynolds assumed command of the Pennsylvania Reserves as McCall had also been captured. In this role, he took part in the Second Battle of Manassas at the end of the month. Late in the battle, he aided in making a stand on Henry House Hill which assisted in covering the armys retreat from the battlefield. A Rising Star As Lee moved north to invade Maryland, Reynolds was detached from the army at the request of Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtain. Ordered to his home state, the governor tasked him with organizing and leading the state militia should Lee cross the Mason-Dixon Line. Reynolds assignment proved unpopular with McClellan and other senior Union leaders as it deprived the army of one of its best field commanders. As a result, he missed the Battles of South Mountain and Antietam where the division was led by fellow Pennsylvanian Brigadier General George G. Meade. Returning to the army in late September, Reynolds received command of I Corps as its leader, Major General Joseph Hooker, had been wounded at Antietam. That December, he led the corps at the Battle of Fredericksburg where his men achieved the only Union success of the day. Penetrating the Confederate lines, troops, led by Meade, opened a gap but a confusion of orders prevented the opportunity from being exploited. Chancellorsville For his actions at Fredericksburg, Reynolds was promoted to major general with a date of November 29, 1862. In the wake of the defeat, he was one of several officers who called for the removal of army commander Major General Ambrose Burnside. In doing so, Reynolds expressed his frustration at the political influence that Washington exerted on the armys activities. These efforts were successful and Hooker replaced Burnside on January 26, 1863. That May, Hooker sought to swing around Fredericksburg to the west. To hold Lee in place, Reynolds corps and Major General John Sedgwicks VI Corps were to remain opposite the city. As the Battle of Chancellorsville commenced, Hooker summoned I Corps on May 2 and directed Reynolds to hold the Union right. With the battle going poorly, Reynolds and the other corps commanders urged offensive action but were overruled by Hooker who decided to retreat. As a result of Hookers indecision, I Corps was only lightly engaged in the battle and suffered just 300 casualties. Political Frustration As in the past, Reynolds joined his compatriots in calling for a new commander who could operate decisively and free from political constraints. Well-respected by Lincoln, who referred to him as â€Å"our gallant and brave friend, Reynolds met with the president on June 2. During their conversation, it is believed that Reynolds was offered command of the Army of the Potomac. Insisting that he be free to lead independent of political influence, Reynolds declined when Lincoln could not make such an assurance. With Lee again moving north, Lincoln instead turned to Meade who accepted command and replaced Hooker on June 28. Riding north with his men, Reynolds was given operational control of I, III, and XI Corps as well as Brigadier General John Bufords cavalry division. Death of Major General John F. Reynolds at the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863.   Library of Congress Death at Gettysburg Riding into Gettysburg on June 30, Buford realized that the high ground south of the town would be key in a battle fought in the area. Aware that any combat involving his division would be a delaying action, he dismounted and posted his troopers on the low ridges north and northwest of town with the goal of buying time for the army to come up and occupy the heights. Attacked the next morning by Confederate forces in the opening phases of the Battle of Gettysburg, he alerted Reynolds and asked him to bring up support. Moving towards Gettysburg with I and XI Corps, Reynolds informed Meade that he would defend â€Å"inch by inch, and if driven into the town I will barricade the streets and hold him back as long as possible.† Arriving on the battlefield, Reynolds met with Buford advanced his lead brigade to relieve the hard-pressed cavalry. As he directed troops into the fighting near Herbst Woods, Reynolds was shot in the neck or head. Falling from his horse, he was killed instantly. With Reynolds death, command of I Corps passed to Major General Abner Doubleday. Though overwhelmed later in the day, I and XI Corps succeeded in buying time for Meade to arrive with the bulk of the army. As the fighting raged, Reynolds body was taken from the field, first to Taneytown, MD and then back to Lancaster where he was buried on July 4. A blow to the Army of the Potomac, Reynolds death cost Meade one of the armys best commanders. Adored by his men, one of the general aides commented, I do not think the love of any commander was ever felt more deeply or sincerely than his. Reynolds was also described by another officer as â€Å"a superb looking man†¦and sat on his horse like a Centaur, tall, straight and graceful, the ideal soldier.†

Results Of The Current Study - 1333 Words

The results of the current study are concluded into 8 tables (tables 2-9) as follows: Table (2) Represents that the most common number of registers is 3 as found in 15 hypocephali out of 40 with 37.5% as well as 4 registers as found in 13 hypocephali with 32.5%.On the other hand very few numbers of hypocephali are shown with 1 register with 5% and 2 registers with 15%. Table (3) It is noticeable that the total number of baboons is varied from 1 to 10.The most common number of baboons is fluctuated from 4 with 12.5%, 5 and 6 with 15% for each.It is noticed the number 10 and 3 of baboons are represented in one hypocephalus with 2.5% for each that is considered an exceptional number.The percentage of 7.5% indicates to the hypocephli that include 2 and 7 baboons or without. Moreover, baboons are represented 9 or 1 in numbers having the percentage of 5%. Table 3 contains 4 hypocephli including 8 baboons with 10%. Finally, despite the significant difference in the number of baboons, it is noticeable that there is no great difference in the percentage of their presence in the hypocephli. Table (4) There are 13 hypocephli with 32.5% showing the seated ram headed God flanking by 2 baboons. The percentage 22.5% refers to the same previous scenes either with 4 or without baboons. It is noticed that the numbers of baboons around the seated ram headed God are always even numbers except for only 1 hyocephlus with 1 baboon. Table (5) It is remarkably noticeable that the standing positionShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Cognitive And Perceptual Load1543 Words   |  7 Pagesstimuli. ABSTRACT: Abrupt-onset stimuli have been observed to exhibit significant attentional capture effects, however the automaticity of this process has been questioned in recent literature (Yantis Jonides, 1990; Neo Chua, 2006). 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Kiss the Rain Short Story free essay sample

While waiting for my bus home In the pouring rain, I felt the rain suddenly stop. I looked up to see an umbrella covering me. I looked beside me to see a girl, about my age, kind enough to share cover with a soaked stranger. After a few moments, she moved the umbrella closer to me, motioning me to get it as she skipped on the waiting bus. My bus had come seconds after the girls left. I never got a name. I had forgotten about that incident days after only to see the umbrella in my room. Hovering over just to see a small paper attached to the handle, Gang Nun-Mi was written In graceful handwriting.While on my way to the bus stop In the pouring rain, I see a silhouette of a girl, about my age, standing there walling for her bus. I opened the umbrella, stood next to her and looked down on her. Her face as beautiful and as graceful as her name, Gang Nun-Mi. I gave her back her umbrella and hopped on my bus home. I didnt expect another encounter with the beautiful and graceful Nun- Mi but Just the next day, I saw her again. Standing where she always stood. I smiled at her like an old friend and she smiled back showing her perfect smile. Her smile as beautiful and as graceful as her name, Gang Nun-MI.I got on my bus, but to my surprise she got on as well. We easily got to know each other and as each day passes, I got to know more about the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi. She was perfect to me, I couldnt see any flaw in her. She was beautiful and graceful like her name, Gang Nun-Mi. Years pass and the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi and I had grown to become the best of friends. No secrets were kept between us. No secret but one. I loved her. I TLD love her Like a best friend or a sister. I loved her Like how Romeo loved his Juliet, Like how Jack loved his Rose. No, I TLD love her, IWAS ONLINE WITH HER. I was In love with the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun- MI ever since I had laid my eyes on her. I couldnt tell her in fear of losing out friendship. One day, I didnt see her. I couldnt call her. She didnt reply to my messages or return my calls. I was worried, maybe something had happened to the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun- Mi. I rushed to her house but I was told she wasnt home. I took the next taxi I saw to her school. My heart was racing so fast. I was afraid that something bad had happened to the Gang Nun-Ml I had loved so much. When I reached her school, the first thing I saw crushed me.It felt like swords had pierced my heart, cut it in a thousand tiny pieces. The beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi was with another man. She was In the arms of another person. She loved someone else. I was not sure how to react. I was not sure what to do. Should I take her away from that man? Should I punch him in the face for stealing someone who wasnt even mine from the start? I knew better than to cause trouble. I had to accept it. I had to cope with the burning feeling In my chest. I have always known that she would never love me that way. She would never love me like how I love her.I am nothing but her best friend. Just a best friend. I had tried to cut any ties with her. I didnt return her calls, I didnt reply to any of her messages; I tried everything to take my mind off her. But I would always find myself drifting to places where we used to go, bringing memories of the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-W. But of all the places, I tried my always bring painful memories. It would always bring the happy moments we had. The happiest memories would always hurt the most. After months of not being with her, I received a call from her. She wanted to see me at the bus stop, she said it was important.And from the sound of her voice, I could tell that something was wrong. It was pouring heavily, I grabbed an umbrella and rushed to the bus stop as fast as I could. I could not think of anything else but the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi. When I got there, I saw a silhouette of a girl, about my age, standing there waiting for someone. I opened the umbrella, stood next to her and looked down on her. Her face as beautiful and as graceful as her name, Gang Nun-Mi. As soon as she noticed an umbrella over her head, she turned to me and whispered the words We broke up. .I dropped my umbrella and hugged her like I have never hugged her before. I was lying in bed later that night with guilt in my heart. I was guilty because the Gang Nun- Mi I loved so much broke up with her boyfriend. I was guilty that I was happy about it. But I then realized that she would never be mine, that I was Just a best friend. The next day, everything was perfect. Everything was how it used to be. We did everything like we used to, we rode the bus home like we used to. Everything was in place. It was only the two of us. But Just when everything felt in place, I got a call from her. She wanted to see me, she said it was important.And from the sound of her voice, I could tell that something was wrong. I ran as fast I could. I felt my heart beat faster. By the time I got there, I was out of breath. She told me to sit down next to her. I can read the worried expression on her face. The way she acted told me that something was wrong. I knew Gang Nun-Mi like the palm of my hand. I could read her like an open book. I was getting worried at what she would say. I was getting quite nervous Just looking at her expression. She opened he mouth, words came out. But I could not believe what she was trying to tell me. Her father was transferred to California.They were migrating to the United States. She was going away. Gang Nun-Mi was going to leave me. The Gang Nun-Mi I had loved for so long was going to leave me. I pretended to be happy for her. But I knew that she read the expression on my face. I excused myself, stood up and went home. I couldnt accept the fact that the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi was going to California. I didnt see her until the day she was going away. I would always remember that day. October 5th, the day Gang Nun- Mi promised me that she would call often, that she would e-mail me everyday and that she would be back soon. That was the last time I saw the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi. She had kept her promises. She has kept it all but one. She still has not returned. She has been sending me e-mails every single day. But then, it stopped. She didnt reply to my e-mails or return my calls. I was worried, maybe something had happened to the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun- Mi. It has been 3 years since I last heard from the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi. I what she is doing. And eve been regretting not telling her how I feel. I am a fool for not confessing to her. After years of not being with her, I received a call from her.She wanted to see me at the bus stop, she said it was important. She had kept her promise! She was back! I felt so happy that I felt my heart skip a beat. I was finally going to tell her how I feel. I was finally going to tell her that I was in love with her. I was in love with the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun- Mi ever since I had laid my eyes on her. When I got to the bus stop, I was greeted by a silhouette of a woman my age, standing where my best friend always stood. I smiled at her like an old friend and she smiled back showing her perfect smile. Her smile as beautiful and as graceful as her name, GangNun-Mi. She invited me to sit and have a cup of coffee. She told me everything, from her exciting trips to her heartbreaks. She wasnt a girl anymore, she was a woman. She told me that she is not the Gang Nun-Mi I used to know, she is now Jennifer Gang. But she is still the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi I still love so much. I was about to confess my love for her but she said she had another thing to say. I was excited to hear what it was. Maybe she wont be going back to California. Maybe she was going to stay here and be with me. She inhaled deeply and extended to show a large diamond ring on her finger.My heart sank. She was engaged. She is to be wed to another man! It was then I realized that Gang Nun-Mi has returned to get married here. Then and there, a man appeared and sat down next to my Gang Nun-Mi. The beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi was engaged to another man. She was in the arms of another person. She loved someone else. I was not sure how to react. I was not sure what to do. Should I take her away from that man? Should I punch him in the face for stealing someone who wasnt even mine from the start? The painful memories of the first time I lost her to someone else flooded my mind.I was in shock. If only I had told her how I felt in time, would this happen? Everything felt like it was in the movies, everything felt like it was in slow motion. But I got dragged back to reality when I heard the words best friend. She wanted me to be at her wedding! I pretended to be happy for her. The day of the wedding came and everyone was happy. Everyone but me. I saw her walk down the aisle, she was beautiful and graceful like her name. It was the prettiest I have seen her. How I wished that it was I who was waiting for her at the altar. The way she looked at him crushed me.It felt like swords had pierced my heart when I heard them exchange their vows. My heart was cut it in a thousand tiny pieces when I saw them kiss. They were to have their honeymoon in Hawaii the next day. Nun-Mi asked me to accompany them to the airport. How I wish I declined. May 12th, I saw her for the last time. I gave her the tightest hug I could give her. I didnt want to let go. I wanted it to be Just like how it used to be, Just the two of us. I have been in love with the same woman for 60 years. I Just wish she knew. I have never married. I am going to wait for your return, no matter how long it will aka.I will wait at the bus stop for you, no matter how hard the rain pours. The rain will Just remind me of you. And even the slightest memory of you makes my heart jump with Joy. But I always knew that you would never love me that way. You would never love me like how I love you. I am nothing but your best friend. Like how Jack never got Rose in the end, like Romeo who never got his Juliet. I will never get my Gang Nun-Mi, the woman who is as beautiful and as graceful as her name. Every time it rains, I think of no one or nothing else but you. The rain reminds me of how we first met.

What Makes Sammy Run By Schulberg Essays - What Makes Sammy Run

What Makes Sammy Run By Schulberg What Makes Sammy Run, The Moral Compass, and My Life What Makes Sammy Run? by Budd Schulberg is a brilliant book that shows the savagery, the insensitiveness, and cruelty caused by the drive for money, which characterized the general attitude of most people in America during the end of 1930s and the beginning of the 1940s. Sammy Glick, the main character in the book, is a poor Jewish boy who grows into an adult and spends all his life trying to get to the top of the hierarchy by knocking other people down. It is money, prestige, and power, which are most important for him. His mind is constantly occupied with thoughts of how to manipulate people and benefit from their hard work. To understand why Sammy is always hostile and always cynical towards people's good manners, one should probably look at Sammy's childhood. Brought up in poverty, running without shoes on the streets, working from early age to help his father to pay the rent, and beaten every time he goes to school, Sammy quickly understands that to escape this miserable living, he has to work hard. Soon he learns how to play tricks on people to make more money. ?There is a guy on the opposite corner doin' pretty good ?cause he's yellin' ?U.S. may enter war. So I asks a customer if there's anything in the paper about that. So when he says no, I figure I can pull a fast one too. So I starts hollerin' ?U.S. enters war,' and jeez shoulda seen the rush!?(Schulberg 213). Sammy doesn't show any respect towards his closest relatives. It is natural for him to knock his brother down to get the messenger job. Working many hours and getting more money, Sammy ?was beginning to understand the secret of power?(220). He is not afraid of Sheik who used to beat him up every day at school. Close to the age of thirteen, Sammy is already devoid of human feeling even towards his parents. The only thing he thinks about is money. Sammy does not respect the Jewish tradition any more. He will not be the ?bar mitzvah? his father wants him to be because, according to Sammy's understanding, he has already become one. He does not visit the ?cheder? because there are more important things to do in life like making money, for example. It is difficult for ?Papa? to understand his own son. ?That's all you think about, money, money...?(222) says his father. Sammy, however, already knows that ?It's money in the pocket ? that's what makes you fell like a man (222). He does not even cry when his father passes away. His only reaction ?Is it over? (223) speaks of something not human. ?Sammy was thirteen, but he was a veteran; he had learned something that took the place of tears?(223). Sammy has formed a hard shell that protects him from all human feelings. His drive for money, control and annihilation of everything human is unsurpassable. Sammy has an enormous amount of confidence. There is nothing that can stop him. Even the first day, when he goes to work for Al Manheim as an office boy at The Record, he boastfully declares: ?I'm the new office boy, but I ain't going to be an office boy long?(3). Al Manheim is the other major character in the book. Compared to Sammy, he is much more considerable of other people and tries to teach Sammy of respect and compassion to others. All his words and bits of advice, however, come to a brick wall because it is difficult to change the path Sammy has chosen for himself. Later, on the day of his birthday at The Algonquin, when he makes the big strike towards publicity, it is not uncommon for him to say: ?Okay, I stink, ?but someday you'll cut an arm for one little whiff?(27). Sammy is not afraid to speak openly to established writers in Hollywood. He is confident and selfish, fighting for every opportunity, obsessed by the one idea of self-promotion. ?I was just thinking about me. I just kept thinking nothing but me. I just kept saying Sammyglicksammyglick over and inside my head and it kept growing louder SAMMYGLICKSAMMYGLICK (33). Insincerity in human relationship, unfairness in competition, disloyalty, disregard of others, these are some of the typical characteristics of Sammy Glick and of all the other people that try to imitate Sammy Glick. Sammy is fighter for money and publicity, a ruthless careerist. His constant drive