Supremacist Ideologies in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay

Supremacist Ideologies in Heart of Darkness   Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness colludes with the ethnocentric attitude of Europeans towards the indwelling people of Africa. At the turn of the century, European imperialism was viewed as a crusade worthy of this century of progress by King Leopold of Belgium. Although Conrad was critical of imperialism, his novella reveals to the commentator an undeniable Victorian provenance. It endorses cultural myths of the period and reinforces the dominant ideology of the British gentleman. Its Victorian provenance is revealed in the representation of race, which is constructed through the character Marlow. His powerful narration viewpoint reinforces what Chinua Achebe called Europes comforting myths about Africa and Africans.   The text consistently constructs black people as other. This is achieved primarily by Marlow, who acts to construct the natives from the vantage point of the British gentleman. When he looked at them, he search ed not altogether for their impulses, motives, capacities but also for restraint, a value that he champions throughout the retelling of his story. When he cant find it, he remarks Restraint? What feasible restraint? Marlows first encounter with the natives is at the Outer Station, where his ambivalence towards them is foregrounded by his obsession with the miraculously efficient first-class agent. The natives atomic number 18 effectively dehumanised because they are presented as nothing more than black shadows and acute angles and Marlow is far more interested in the fact that the accountant kept his books in apple-pie order than with the dying black men outside. Similarly, when Marlow stumbles across a middle-aged negro, with a bullet-hole in the... ...t inexorably associates the continent and its people with darkness. We have the natives described as black shapes, draw of dusty niggers and a whirl of black limbs. This imagery also often associates Africans with supernatural evil. Near the Inner Station   A black figure stood up, strode on long black legs, waving long black arms, across the glow. It had horns... some sorcerer, some witch-man, no doubt it looked fiend-like enough   The African landscape is not only culpable for Kurtzs wrongs, but it is also a place of darkness and of evil, a place of paganism, with the throb of drums, the drone of weird incantations a place of lurking death, cannibalism, indisposition and insanity - all of Marlows reality is filtered through the European consciousness, and all of his narrative serves to endorse European supremacist ideologies.  

Cosmic Justice :: Creative Writing Short Stories

Cosmic Justice The particular Evil which the space turtle sensed came from one Dr. Quincey P. Mandra, who after a long sprightliness of being victimized (at least as he saw it) through one means or another, decided that the time had arrived for him to become a disquieted Scientist and wreak his revenge on humanity and creation in general by taking over the world and making it his plaything. (As can be seen, Dr. Mandra was earlier narrow of vision, as any self-respecting Mad Scientist these days would have planned to take over the universe, or at least our particular galaxy. perhaps this was why the elder space turtle seemed unconcerned.) He had already constructed his Evil Headquarters, which he had get a lined The Citadel of Doom (Insert lightning and thunder here). He thought that it was a name that rolled rather nicely off the tongue. It had all that an Evil Mad Scientist could need attractive art deco living quarters for himself, barracks for his troops, d ank dungeons, torture chambers, mutated guard-beasts, dumbbell traps, and lots and lots of insidious machinery that bleeped and buzzed and crackled and made other science fictiony noises. He still needed one thing however...Hordes. Every Evil Mad Scientist inevitably hordes of mindless drones to do his Evil Bidding. Where will I find Hordes? he mused. Where can I find great masses of mindless individuals ready to be indoctrinated and follow a charismatic leader with little or no regard for consequences or even common sense? He rejected carnal knowledge immediately. I do need some degree of intelligence in my hordes. Overly stupid hordes have been the downfall of many a Mad Scientist. in addition I do want some combat ability. Some, hell I want soulless killing machines This naturally brought the armed forces to mind, but he rejected them as overly fanatical even for him. Frat boys Hmm...maybe frat pledges. By the time they reach full frat boy status theyve consumed way too much alcohol to be worth anything.

Immortal Life vs. Immortal Name: Gilgamesh and Beowulf Essay -- Englis

Immortal Life vs. Immortal Name Gilgamesh and BeowulfDeath. Fate. Immortality. Destiny. All are subjects that we tend to avoid. art object most of us hope for manners after death, we tend not to dwell on this subject because we are uncomfortable with the unknown. On those rare occasion when we allow ourselves to think about the fact that our days are numbered, we wonder if death can be cheated and immortality gained. Some have suggested that being remembered is just as enduring as living forever. Thoughts of destiny and the here after are not new. They have engaged the hearts and minds of manpower for ages. Two quaint stories that bonk with this subject matter are The Epic of Gilgamesh and Beowulf. In these texts, the main characters, Gilgamesh and Beowulf, are obsessed with their fate. To the degree that these epics accurately reflect the society and culture of their own eras, bingle can see that men of these ancient times were as concerned about their ultimate destiny as we a re. The epic stories of Gilgamesh and Beowulf illustrate that men and women end-to-end the ages have been keenly aware of their own mortality and that they long to live on eternally, if only in the retrospect of others.In the beginning of The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh, the linguistic rule of ancient Uruk, is blessed with the gift of foresight. He has numerous visions about his destiny and is very accepting of the fate that the gods have given him. The gods give Gilgamesh a dream and Enkidu interprets Gilgameshs vision concerning his fate. Enkidu says that Enlil, father of the gods has given you kingship, such is your destiny, everlasting life is not your destiny (Sandars 70). With this revelation Gilgamesh knows his destiny very early in his journey. quite than becoming angry at the gods, Gilgamesh accepts the gods choice to not give him eternal life. Instead, Gilgamesh wants to set up his name in the place where the names of famous men are written, and where no mans name is written yet he will raise a monument to the gods (70-1). Gilgamesh succeeds in his plan for reservation himself famous by first defeating the guardian of the forest, Humbaba, and shortly after, the bull of heaven. During these battles Gilgamesh declares that there is nothing to fear if I fall I leave behind me a name that endures (71). Having reconciled himself to the fact that fate has indeed determined when he will die, h... ...O, Gilgameshgreat is thy praise (119). The narrator is saying that the admiration of others is and will be great. This clearly shows that the people of Uruk will keep Gilgamesh alive in their minds. Beowulf will at some level attain everlasting life through the memory of his people as well.In Beowulf and Gilgamesh, both heroes desire to gain everlasting life. At one point, Gilgamesh believes that he can actually gain eternal life and change his destiny. Beowulf, and eventually Gilgamesh, end up gaining everlasting life through their monuments and the go od deeds that their people will remember them by. The ancient societies depicted in The Epic of Gilgamesh and Beowulf are no doubt representative of the actual societies that existed during those time periods. These ancient people were greatly concerned with issues such as death, fate, and destiny. People of ancient times and modern realize that even though one cannot escape death, one can to some degree achieve immortality, if only in the memories of those remaining behind.Works CitedLiuzza, Roy M., trans. Beowulf. Peterborough, ON Broadview, 1999.Sandars, N. K., trans. The Epic of Gilgamesh. New York Penguin, 1972.

What Doth A Leader Make? :: essays research papers

<a href="http//www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknins Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web SitesHow come a leader becomes a leader? In this article, we are not interested in the historical process but in the answer to the twin questions what qualifies unmatchable to be a leader and why do people elect someone specific to be a leader. The immediately evident response would be that the leader addresses or is judged by his voters to be capable of addressing their needs. These could be economic needs, psychological needs, or moral needs. In all these cases, the needs are judged to be serious enough as to threaten acceptable existence (emphasis on the word acceptable). Mere survival is rarely at risk (famine, war, plague). On the contrary, people are mostly willing to sacrifice their genetic and biological survival on the altar of acceptable existence. To be acceptable, life must be honourable. To be honourable, certain conditions (commonly known as righ ts) must be fulfilled and upheld. No life plunder be honourable without food and shelter (property rights), personalised autonomy (as safeguarded by freedoms), security, respect (as expressed through human rights) and influence upon the future (civil rights). In the absence of even one of these elements, people tend to step by step become convinced that their lives are not worth living. They become mutinous and try to restore the honourable equilibrium. They seek food and shelter by inventing new technologies and by implementing them in a bid to control nature and other, human, factors. They rebel against any massive breach of their freedoms free speech has provoked more bloodshed than it has ever prevented. The seek security they legislate and create law enforcement agencies and form an army. Above all, people are concerned with being respected and with influencing their terms of existence, present and future. The two may be linked the more able a person is to influence his environment, to mould it the more respected he is by others. Leaders are perceived to be possessed of qualities conducive to the success of such battles of restoration. Some signal that the leader emits keeps telling his followers I can increase your chances to win the war that you are waging in order to find food and shelter / respect / personal autonomy / security / an enhanced cogency to influence your future. But WHAT is this signal? What information does it carry with it?

John Miltons Life and Writing Essay -- John Milton biographies Essays

John Miltons Life and WritingJohn Milton did not just write poetry. He put his life, his thoughts, into words. Milton began his life in Cheapside, England, because his aims wealthy family was Roman Catholic and John Milton older, Miltons father, decided to become Protestant, therefore he was disinherited (Muir). However, the Milton family did not remain poor, John Milton Sr. was able to establish a wealthy family once more. He became a scrivener, which is a law writer, and was also a music composer on the side (Liukk one and only(a)n). aft(prenominal) money was no longer a threat, Milton attended Christs College in Cambridge (Browning). Miltons workings seem to be split into four decided phases these phases are a direct result of events taking place in his life. The first phase that Miltons life went through was virtually nothing. Literally heart and soul that Milton did nothing, he adopted no craft but spent six years at leisure in his fathers home(Muir). Miltons first works were done in ancient languages, such as Latin, Greek and Italian, but these were done before he graduated when he was not considering a profession in writing. The first phase of his writings were done during the time he had no job. The works best reflecting this period of his life are LAllegro, Il Penseroso and Lycidas, which were written up to year 1637. These poems were not specifically focused on what was occurring in the world at that time, because at that time Milton was not very voluminous with the world. These poems had themes focused on thoughts that ran through Miltons mind. Among Miltons most famous first works are LAllegro and Il Penseroso, which are companions to one another. He uses these poems to focus on two different lifestyles. LAllegro is the... ... a completely majestic lifestyle, but he used his poetry to crush out himself, and expression can always help to lighten any morbid emotions. Not only was Milton able to express himself, writing granted him a goal, a nd having a goal to strive for makes life worth living no matter how bad it seems to get. As soon as Milton realized what he wanted to do with his life, write, his goal was to create such an exemplary piece of work that it would never be forgotten, and he succeeded. Works CitedBrowning, Mark. John Milton (1608-1674). 1 Dec. 2003 .The Dream of the Rood. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. seventh Edition. Volume 1. Ed. by M.H. Abrams, et al. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2000. 100-102.Liukkonen, Petri. John Milton (1608-1674). Books and Writers.1 Dec. 2003 .Muir, Kenneth. John The Lady Milton. Incompetech. 1 Dec. 2003 .

John Miltons Life and Writing Essay -- John Milton biographies Essays

John Miltons Life and WritingJohn Milton did not just write poetry. He put his life, his thoughts, into words. Milton began his life in Cheapside, England, because his fathers ladened family was Roman Catholic and John Milton Sr., Miltons father, decided to become Protestant, therefore he was disinherited (Muir). However, the Milton family did not remain poor, John Milton Sr. was able to turn out a wealthy family once more. He became a scrivener, which is a law writer, and was also a music composer on the side (Liukkonen). After money was no longer a threat, Milton attended Christs College in Cambridge (Browning). Miltons works seem to be split into four distinct phases these phases are a direct result of events taking place in his life. The scratch line phase that Miltons life went through was virtually nothing. Literally meaning that Milton did nothing, he adopt no profession but spent six years at leisure in his fathers home(Muir). Miltons first works were done in ancient lang uages, such as Latin, Greek and Italian, but these were done before he graduated when he was not considering a profession in writing. The first phase of his writings were done during the time he had no job. The works best reflecting this period of his life are LAllegro, Il Penseroso and Lycidas, which were written up to year 1637. These poems were not specifically managemented on what was occurring in the world at that time, because at that time Milton was not very involved with the world. These poems had themes focused on thoughts that ran through Miltons mind. Among Miltons most famous first works are LAllegro and Il Penseroso, which are companions to one another. He uses these poems to focus on two different lifestyles. LAllegro is the... ... a completely majestic lifestyle, but he used his poetry to express himself, and expression shtup always help to lighten any morbid emotions. Not only was Milton able to express himself, writing granted him a goal, and having a goal to p uree for makes life worth living no matter how bad it seems to get. As soon as Milton realized what he wanted to do with his life, write, his goal was to frame such an exemplary piece of work that it would never be forgotten, and he succeeded. Works CitedBrowning, Mark. John Milton (1608-1674). 1 Dec. 2003 .The Dream of the Rood. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Seventh Edition. Volume 1. Ed. by M.H. Abrams, et al. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2000. 100-102.Liukkonen, Petri. John Milton (1608-1674). Books and Writers.1 Dec. 2003 .Muir, Kenneth. John The Lady Milton. Incompetech. 1 Dec. 2003 .

Analyzing Diversity in the Workplace

This paper is about designing a model to analyze the dimensions of innovation and pass a training program to implement the results. It is important to break the psycheality downhearted into three dimensions. Doing this will increase productivity of a company because the employees will work easily together and pay back less tension. Happy employees increase productivity.The cultural make up of an organization hobo make or break an organization if it is not understood by its managers and leaders. It is extremely important for a supervisor to analyze the diversity of its organizational members and see how the cultural differences effects the organization. It is important for the leaders of an organization to design a model to analyze the diversity of their the organization so they can develop a cultural diversity training program.In order to understand diversity in culture, you first must break down the culture and person you ar trying to understand. We would need to design a mod el that would break down the dimensions of diversity. It is important to understand the personality of the person. The personality can be broken down into three layers of dimensions Internal Dimensions, External Dimensions, and Organization Dimensions (knicki) It is important to understand for each one dimension because if you understand the personality of a person, you will begin to understand how they combine to make a culture.Internal dimensions consist of six different categories which are age, gender, sexual orientation, physical ability, ethnicity, and race. (Knicki) These are things that we cannot control. External dimensions include geographic location, income, personal habits, marital status, parental status, personal status, recreational habits, religions, educational background, work experience and appearance. These, for the intimately part, are things that we can control. (knicki)Organizational dimensions include functional/classification, work content/field, managemen t status, division department/unit/group, seniority, work location, and union affiliation. These are likewise mostly our control. (knicki)The above dimensions of personality need to be researched for each employee of an organization. This can come in the form of a survey or questionnaire to each employee. This can also come in the form of a one on one interview asking questions to the employee. The information learned from each the dimensions for each person need to be banked in a data base where the results can be compiled and looked at. (Irwin)After purpose out just who is in the organization and finding out their cultural background, the leaders would be able to design a training program for the employees. The program would teach employees about one anothers cultures, and show them how to cherish each others differences. They would also need sensitivity training. (Loden)Once the organization has undergone a training program dealing with cultural diversity, productivity will in crease. When an employee is happy at their job, they tend to work harder and increase their productivity at work. Increasing productivity at the workplace will increase sales which will increase profits. (Jogulu)In conclusion, it is very important to design a model to break down the cultural barriers amidst employees in a organization. If there are no barriers between people, communication will increase and people will be happier. This will make an organization run more smoothly and there wont be numerous problems.

A Synopsis of the Documentary Live Nude Girls Unite Essay

Live Nude Girls UniteThe film Live Nude Girls Unite is a documentary recorded by the exotic dancers themselves that takes their audience on their journey as they try to unionize their jobs. The dancers were fed up with the treatment and minimal pay they were receiving for their performances. They were not assigned a lawyer but had a negotiator that helped them with their bargaining agreement. These exotic dancers were not disrespected by their costumers but also by their employees. Dancers were not allowed sick days and sometimes disjointed their jobs because of their inability to find an early(a) look-a-like dancer to fill their slot. I think the unionization of the enkindle workers was a viable idea.These dancers deserve the same benefits many other employees receive such as sick pay, health insurance, and respect from their management. Because finish workers are usually stereotyped as sluts, society believes their work should not admit benefits. Since they had many people agai nst their request to form a union, it took them many months of negotiating to receive minimal benefits, but it was the start of a new revolution for other sex workers across the country. As word began to spread about the newly formed union in San Francisco, the formation of unions began to spread all over.Numerous exotic dancers like a shot receive benefits through their employers and are getting the fair treatment they deserve. They are protected from unlawful dismal from their jobs and racial discrimination when it comes to who works certain shifts. If the sex workers had no taken a stance to improve their working system many would still be treated unfair.

Fundamentalism Is Here To Stay Essay

The article Fundamentalism Is Here to Stay by Karen Armstrong mainly talks about a modern secular movement by separating righteousness from society, how people respond to change and ways the worlds different groups treat others. Fundamentalism is a non-violent revolt against secular society. They fight for their religion beliefs and how they feel with political power and intelligence. On the road to modernity, our economy has changed from agricultural produce to the use of technology. However, for fundamentalists, they cant cope with the change, instead they choose to cling to religion. Western centre of modernisation is based on independence and innovation. In developing countries, modernization came with colonization, thus people were non able to forge new beginnings of their own. Further, fundamentalism represents a showdown within civilization between new and old. Armstrong mentioned about Mustafa Kemal Ataturk created a modern Turkey by ordering to wear western clothing, cl ose down each(prenominal) religion institution and try to resist the fundamentalist way. Fundamentalists start to fight for the annihilation. There are groups in America still against the extremely modernized thought of society, some of them even trying to destroy federal government. Armstrong said Fundamentalism is here to stay at the end, fundamentalism will not disappear.In my opinion, modernization gave whether the developing countries or the developed countries and economic advantage in the world. When these first countries modernized, they created such an unique and fresh idea that other countries try to modernize themselves so quickly. Although, developing countries could not innovate but only imitate. Japan is a perfect example of a country and a culture that can retain originality while undergoing modernization according to the article. Modernization can take a long and rough process based on every culture, value, traditions and etc. At the same time, modernization has ch anged in every aspect of peoples life. For fundamentalists, they believe what they believe, think what they think, love the life they used to live. In another word, who likes to be changed? For all the tragedies that attacked by the fundamentalists or total annihilationthat caused by modern secular society, we need to understand each other in order to coexisting both ideas and preventing future(a) act of violence. Hopefully, what happened in the past will warn us something.Questions1. What keeps the fundamentalists not open to change?2. What are the differences for developed countries and developing countries when it comes to modernization? 3. How does fundamentalism effect on the road to modernity now?Vocabularies1. Fundamentalism Reactionary movement to establish traditional religious values and texts as the primary and/or governing ideology in a society.2. Ideology A belief system that determines and guides the structure of a government and its relation to its citizens.3. Ethnic / ethnicity Referring to a shared sense of common religion, passage national, and/or cultural identity.

What Do You Understand – Managed Inventory?

Process of Vendor Managed Inventory can be defined as a mechanism where the supplier creates the purchase orders based on the demand information exchanged by the retailer or customers. It implies that the supplier does the demand creation and the fulfillment, instead of the retailers or customers managing the schedule. Under the typical business model an order is placed to the manufacturer when the product is needed by the distributor. The farm animal plan is maintained by the distributor as he is in control of the timing and size of the order being placed.Creating the responsibility of manpower team, space and inventory management, increased administration work and conflict surrounded by responsibility ownership in boldness of quality issue. Under Vendor-Managed Inventory model the order is generated by the manufacturer without being the change of ownership of inventory. The inventory plan is maintained and created by the manufacturer as he receives the data that tell him abou t the distributors sales and stock levels.This model eliminates the case of emerging conflict in case of quality issues, save manpower, space and inventory management and administration work as sole responsibility is with the formation supplier. The goal of Vendor-Managed Inventory is to align the business objectives and streamline supply chain operations for both suppliers and their customers, by using a streamlined approach to inventory management and order fulfillment.It involves collaboration amid suppliers and their customers (e. g. retailer, distributor, or product end user) which changes the traditional ordering process. This process works only if expectations are clarified between the organization and the supplier, they both need to agree on how to share information regarding the restocking in a timely and synchronized manner and keep their communication take open.

Disorder Analysis

Me Myself and Irene is a movie about a Rhode Island State Police trooper named Charlie Baileygates who has a mental disorder. The disorder that can be evidently seen in the movie almost creates the whole essence of the story. Charley Baileygates (Jim Carrey) is found to have a dissociative individualism Disorder or more commonly known as multiple personality. In the movie, Jim Carreys character changes from Charley to Hank, who is the other personality, that somehow is the complete opposite of Charlie.During the course of the movie, this Dissociative Identity Disorder of Charley terrorizes his condition and his interaction with other people, especially with Irene (Ren Zellweger). As the movie assessed Charlies condition, it showed that this disorder was caused by the anger that has been kept inside for years referable to other people who took advantage of him. Raising three African-American kids that are sons of his wife and a black dwarf limo driver, who eventually stole his bride , Charlie sure it but has kept this unconscious anger deep inside him.This eventually led to Hank, who is the other personality inside his brain. Hank is the rude, violent and cocky persona that is entirely the opposite of Charlie.DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDERAs defined by the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Dissociative Identity Disorder is a psychiatrical diagnosis that describes a condition in which a single person displays multiple distinct identities or personalities, each with its own pattern of perceiving and interacting with the environment.(American Psychiatric Association, 2000).The requirements of the diagnosis suggests at least two personalities consequently gaining control with regards to a persons demeanor and actions. With regards to its possible causes, epidemiology, appearance across cultures, and existence, this disorder is controversial. Interaction of several factors are causes that tend to Diss ociative Identity Disorder. Possible symptoms that suggests a demonstration of Dissociative Identity Disorder ranges with wide variations during the course of time.Symptoms that can be included are distortion or loss of subjective time, depersonalization, depression, amnesia, headaches and other body pains. People with this condition may even suffer auditory hallucinations with regards to the two personalities discussions and might even import to misdiagnoses that may falsely conclude a psychotic issue. People with DID often display an array of indications that can match those of other mental health disorders and many an(prenominal) physical disorders as well. Chronic and potentially disabling or fatal, patients with Dissociative Identity Disorder are prone to harming themselves.There are various treatment methods to recuperate this disorder such as Psychotherapy, medications and behavioral treatments. A psychiatrist or psychologist may use specially designed interviews such as the SCID-D and personality judicial decision methods to evaluate an individual with Dissociative Identity Disorder. Integrating the personalities into a single personality is the main goal of treatments. Drug therapy can alleviate some ill-tempered symptoms but does not heal the disorder itself. Psychotherapy on the other hand is emotionally painful and difficult.In general , two or more psychotherapy meetings a week for at least 3 to 6 years are essential. Helpful also may be Hypnosis.CONCLUSIONAs seen in the movie, this condition is not actually a psychotic disorder. But despite this, there is danger among people with this condition, as seen in Charlie and Franks battles, if not properly treated. Integrating the personalities might be hard, but keeping them in tune and coexisting might help. Psychotherapy is the best option for treatment of DID.

Types of Economic Systems

The 3 Types of Economic Systems Centrally mean preservation Mixed economy Market economyCentrally planned economySystem in which a nations resources atomic number 18 owned by the government. Came from the ideology that the welfare of the group is more important than individual well being, the cerebration came from Karl Marx. The decline of Centrally planned economies was in the 1980s nations began to dismantle communist central planning in favor of market based economy. Mixed economyEconomic frame in which resources are more equally divide between private and government ownership. It came from the thought process that a successful system must be not only efficient and innovative but should also protect society. just about economies around the world are composite economies but most mixed economies are trying to convert more of a market economy. This is called Privatization or Privatizing. Market EconomyThe majority of nations resources are privately owned. Economic decisions are determined by grant and demand. Based on the belief that individual concerns should be placed above group concerns. The best features are free choice, free enterprise and price flexibility. The governments purpose is enforcing antitrust laws, preserving property rights, providing a stable fiscal and mo lettuceary environment and preserving political stability. Personally I would prefer to live in a mixed economy. I say this because it is the best kind of economic system in my eyes. A mixed economy lies between a free market economy and a centrally planned economy. A mixed economy combines elements from free market and centrally planned to create a more favorable economy. Most nations operate mixed economies with varying combinations of capitalist and socialist features. Some benefits of a mixed economy are free enterprise, private ownership, a safety net and the ability for the government to step in if needed. This is very appealing because the benefits are unmatched from the other two main economic systems. I like the idea of private ownership and the government being able to step in during times of need, these two examples are the main reasons I prefer to live in a mixed economy.

Ethical Challenges and Agency Issues

When an agent finds out that they ar going overbud shit or over the allotted time situate the most life-sustaining element is open communication. With open communication it gives management more advance monition earlier in the bud call for cycle to make changes that can get the project back on track. The most important element management needs is ample time to make corrections to occur the project on budget and within time constraints. The more time management has the better their chances ar of getting the proper resources aligned to get the budget back under overlook.If the budget issues argon imputable to the client not properly keeping records, the operation could word the contract in a direction that allows supplyings for adjustments which would enable the agency to form a financial or time resolution with the client. A contract that allows for those types of adjustments limits agency issues and allow keep a better be givening relationship between the both parties. The main issue is deciding what party is responsible or accountable for an overbudget project.If the agency can march why the budget is off to the client and be able to charge extra for the additional work the agency could delegate more resources to get the project completed in time as well. It is critical for the agency to have open communication between its team members, but it is just as all important(p) for the agency to be honest with the client as well. The ethical issue that arises with being overbudget is that individual employees take ont want to be penalized or face repercussions for their performance so they delay reporting results to management.When employees are afraid to report shortfalls earlier in the process it can lead to higher costs and study agency issues. The sooner the agent can show the client that planning or reporting issues are occurring they can make vital decisions to get the project back in line. Employees need to objectively depend about others i nvolved in their future with the comp whatever and client. As long as individuals clarify expectations and carry ethics to a situation it is possible to get a project back on budget. The agency can delegate more resources to an area that needs more manpower or money to get the project completed as promised to the client.Executive Pay Analyzing the ethical challenges as well as any agency issues in the Level of Executive Pay Case Study brings forth hidden issues in the New York Stock Exchange. To better analyze these issues one first has to ask oneself the following question, what is the true translation of ethics. Wheelw right(a) defined ethics as that branch of philosophy which is the systematic study of musing choice, of the standards of right and wrong by which it is to be guided, and of the goods toward which it may ultimately be directed. Did Mr.Richard (Dick) Grasso violate any ethical standards model forth by the organization he was representing did he receivedly violate the systematic study of reflective choice, of the standards of right and wrong? In order to get a straight answer to this question it will dependent in which side of the fence one might find oneself in if you are on the side of the lucky ones that happens to earn this outrageous sums of money then the answer would be no. simply if you find oneself in the other side of the fence with the individuals who earn an average net profit that would never get the opportunity to reach the levels of aristocracy that Mr.Grasso reached then the answer would be yes.The ethical roles on all companies run into a big role on the decision making of each enterprise. Before and after Mr. Grasso was hired it was customary to compensate top officials with these large sums of money. Top officials in the NYSE never had to disclose their earning to the human race or to the secant before so its hard to say any ethical standards were knack or even broken. This type of compensation to top NYSE officials was customary and there were no real intentions to misguide or mislead the public or the SEC.Just because not everyone in the NYSE had nettle to potentially earn this outrageous sums of money will indicate to the public that these individuals were directly involved in unethical behavior. All companies in todays business society have a compute of conduct implemented but this does not means that it is being followed. What companies are doing is creating rewards methods in order to stay fresh the services of these top business gurus that would help their business to maximize their profits and Mr. Grasso track record round for itself. These incentive programs can help businesses to minimize any unethical attempts to their code of conduct.The general public and the SEC are outrage because of the outlandish compensation top NYSE officials receives but at no suggest during the case study it mentions that these top officials have a salary cap. unmatched believes that since there were no salary cap on how much NYSE officials might earn there are no ethical implications that could discourage NYSE official from making these large sums of money. What one does believe is that if there are found codes of conduct and employees or management violates them, there should be strict actions taken to prevent the problem from worsening.One believes that all employees including management needs to uphold the highest level of ethical conduct if a company wants to be successful. 1933, 1934, and SOX The financial tuition users usually rely on opinion of independent auditors to make important sparing decisions. To protect users interest from fraudulent financial command, credentials acts of 1933, 1934, and SOX joined in to check into adequate information disclosure. The acts provide rule that goes beyond and requires more extensive disclosure than GAAP to govern corporate financial activities.For example, companies must fill audited annual and unaudited interim financial s tatements in conformity with regulation S-k. In addition, the regulation S-K governs the footnote disclosure in the financial statements. Congress enacted the acts after the stock market crash in 1929 to regulate the trading of securities to the public. For this reasons, security trading companies must register with SEC prior to issuance of security to ensure that information presented to investor for making accounting decisions is correct.In the aftermath of the famous corporate accounting dirt (Enron) that rock the world market, congress enacted the Sarbanes- Oxley Act (sox) to strengthen corporate accountability and governance of public companies. The provision increases the CEO and auditors responsibilities. CEO and other top executive must certify that company financial statement and other disclosures are fairly presented in accordance with GAAP. In other words, CEO is responsible to ensure that material misstatement does not exist in the financial statement presented to the u sers.SOX also authorize the Public gild accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) to oversee the activities of the registered accounting firm. This changes the way auditors plan, implement and report the audit. The provision increases penalties that could ask an accountant who is involve in the destruction, alternation, or falsification of records in federal investigations. Any violation of such(prenominal) may be subject to fines and imprisonment of up to 20 years, additional training, new quality control procedure, revocation of firms registration, and barring from participating in audit of public companies.

Leadership Principle of Jesus

Principles of leading What is lead? loss drawing cardship is the ability to obtain followers. leadership is influence. You are a attraction to the extent that populate are following you. Why is attractionship important? Leadership is important because it influences the destiny of tribe. Leadership in any case determines, to a large extent, what a group of slew will be able to get to. Leadership moves deal towards common goals, principles and values. Good drawing cardship enables people to live together well, and realize their potential. Poor leadership frustrates some(prenominal) people and projects. Poor leadership results in people being hurt.Good leadership results in strong people and excellent results. These comments apply to every area of life and hu slice endeavour. Who Can be a Leader? Anyone who hind end act can be a leader however, some come greater leadership potential than others essay writer pay. Not everyone can be a great leader, but everyone can be a better leader. The multiplication of leadership is the key to the multiplication of a movement. The communists knew this, and had as a motto, Every communist a leader. state have different personality types and flairs of relating. Being a leader does not depend on having a particular personality type or name of relating.Neither does leadership exclusively depend on having a particular technical ability or giftedness. A skilful leader without certain skills or gifts can lead people possessing those abilities. A great leader can gather around them others who are very gifted and capable in particular areas. two men and women can lead, although it is a fact that there are more male leaders in the world than female, and this will probably continue into the next century excessively. On the other hand, for every man that ever was, there was a mother, and the leadership influence of mothers everywhere their own children can hardly be over-estimated.How Does Leadership Happen? Leaders hip happens in two ways. The most common way is that a airless follower is promoted to a greater position of influence within an organisation, and thereby takes responsibility to lead people in their group or division. The other way leadership happens is when an individual gets passionately interested in doing something, starts doing it alone, and finds others who want to join in. A leader moldiness lead. There is no leadership without action. There must be both action and communication. What Qualities make a Better Leader?A ingenuous leader leads by example. The greatest authority in leadership is reserved for those who have have done themselves the things they attempt to motivate others to do. A absolute berth is very important. Leadership is not possible without advocating something. Criticism of others asshole their backs is not leadership. A leader must show a better way, mostly by example. People what to be part of a winning team. A good leader must be positive change s urface in the face of setbacks, so that people will not be discouraged and cash in ones chips up. This requires the quality of steadfastness and endurance.A good leader is self-disciplined. A good leader can sacrifice his or her present comfort for future benefits, and in this way inspires others to do the same. A good leader manages his or her time well. A good leader knows and studies people. A good leader is a good listener, and also observes the body language and non-verbal communication of others. A good leader waits before speaking, and does not promise quickly. A good leader is in touch with the needs, hopes, aspirations and desires of others. A good leader considers others, and seeks to do things that benefit everyone involved.A good leader is prepared to change and skilled in preparing others to embrace change. A good leader encourages dissatisfy people in the organisation to work together to find a solution. A good leader is willing to learn from others. A good leader al so invests considerable time in self-education by reading books, listening to tapes or attending seminars. A good leader has personal rightfulness and works hard to develop this quality. Integrity means keeping ones word, and dealing truly with others. People do not like being let down by the broken promises of those in authority over them.A good leader will avoid resorting to tactics of manipulation. A good leader is highly move to achieve results, and therefore diligent. A good leader nevertheless is patient and slow to anger. A good leader is faithful to others and inspires loyalty and team spirit in his or her followers. A good leader enjoys other people and doesnt overly dwell on their weaknesses. A good leader invests in others and em office staffs others to achieve and to become leaders themselves, without being threatened. A good leader seeks models the attitude and practice of service towards others.Biblical Examples of Leadership deliveryman Christ modelled all of the above characteristics. In seeking to lead people to God the Father, Jesus himself exhibit the power of a relationship with God through prayer. He modelled faith for his disciples to observe, showing to them and subsequently declaring to them the power of faith (see Mark 1122-24). Jesus modelled love, self-discipline, integrity and righteousness. Not even his enemies could convict him of sin. They could and point out where he violated their own traditions and interpretations such as his healing of people on the Sabbath.Jesus ultimately gave His life for his followers. The great miracle was that He got in back through his resurrection from the dead. Jesus was positive and cheerful. He said to his disciples, that my joy may be in you, and your joy may be complete. change surface though he had many things to correct, he did so in a wise way. Jesus believed that his work would be accomplished, and entrusted part of it to his disciples, whom he trained. Later he left his disciples th e task of reaching the world. Jesus was self-disciplined. He often prayed through the night. Once He fasted forty days.All these things were preparation for His ministry. Jesus could perceive the inner thoughts of others, even his enemies. He knew things about his disciples, even beyond what a man could know through the power of reflexion alone. Jesus did not waste His words. Jesus gave himself to serve the needs of the people by healing their sick, feeding them when they were hungry, giving them a true hope concerning the kingdom of God, and setting them free from evil, sin and demons by the power of His Word and the Holy Spirit. Jesus made disciples and developed others who could continue His ministry after He left the earth.Jesus demonstrated both nobility and compassion in his dealings with people. Multitudes followed him, yet he invested in relatively fewer so that the quality of his mission could continue for longer. Jesus demonstrated a humility and servant attitude that i s unparalleled, considering his divine origin. Many other things could be pointed out from the life of Jesus that illustrate leadership. It is true that Jesus style of leadership was and is very different to much of the leadership of today. Yet His life has produced enduring moral results which have lifted so many to a better life and some to life eternal.

History of gambling Essay

?In modern day America, frolic is seen everywhere. Whether it is gambling on a sporting event, a horse race, a game of cards, or any new(prenominal) event, it is seen as a common hold among legion(predicate) American citizens. The around popular coif for one to gamble is a cassino. thither atomic number 18 some(prenominal) casinos throughout the country, and despite the many critics of such venues, these casinos are here to stay for quite about time to come. Starting in 1931, Nevada took control of the casino gambling market and held a monopoly at bottom this industry.It was the front body politic to stool ratifiedized commercialized casino gambling, and it was the only state to eat such legislation until 1976 (Morse, Goss 13-14). During the 1950s, Las Vegas started to resurrect rapidly, opening many casinos within the city. Throughout the 1960s most of these top-end casinos were purchased by Howard Hughes, which led to an ending of nonionized crime in the Las Ve gas area. Corporations then began digiting and purchasing casino properties. The profitability of such properties made entering the casino industry quite attractive.This was the beginning of the transition of casinos from a simple form of gaming to a legitimate business (History of US fun). In 1976, commercial casino gaming was legalized in New Jersey, and Atlantic City began to thrive in ways similar to Las Vegas. This was the outcome that was hoped for, because it was make in an effort to reform Atlantic City. Casinos started to be built in Atlantic City, and a popular location for these casinos was the city boardwalk, on with in the marina district (Morse, Goss 14). More than a decade later, several states began to legalize commercial casino gambling.There are currently fifty-seven counties in the fall in States that allow commercial casino gambling. In states other(a) than Nevada, a good major(ip)ity of commercial casino gaming takes place adjacent to a river or some form of a body of water that creates a geographic border dividing states. This promotes the idea of riverboat gambling, along with the competition numberween for each one state and their neighbors for their gambling supporters (Morse, Goss 14-15). Soon after the rapid expansion of legal gambling locations throughout the country, tribal casino gambling became an important part of todays casino industry.Tribal casino gambling is a practice that came to place after the 1987 Supreme Court finding in California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians. This case determined that the state of California did not commence the proper authority to use its regulatory statutes for the gambling activities that took place on Indian reservations. The only governing body that had complete authority over the issue was the federal government in that locationfore congressional authorization was requirement for state power to enact regulations. In 1988, Congress responded by passing and enacting the Indian Gaming regulatory Act (IGRA).This was done for the purpose of balancing two the interests of the states and those tribes that resided within them (Morse, Goss 18-19). There were many policy goals that the IGRA aimed to accomplish. The rootage was to promote economic development and self-sufficiency amongst tribes. The second goal was to create a regulatory musical theme that protected Indian gaming from organized crime, to make sure that the only beneficiary of the gaming operations is the tribe itself, and to ensure that the gaming operations are both fair and honest.The final goal was to lay out an organization that would assist in these purposes, thus the creation of the National Indian Gaming Commission. Basically, the IGRA allowed tribes the right to build and run gaming facilities, or casinos, on their reservations to the same extent as the gaming allowed by state law (Morse, Goss 19). Tribal gaming has proven to be quite beneficial for Indian tribes in the United States. The tribes that have benefited the most are those that have exclusive rights to owning and operating casinos within their state.That means that specific states have an agreement with the tribes in their state that there will not be any commercial casinos within the state, just tribal casinos on tribal territory. This creates endless opportunities for tribal members, allowing them to generate large revenues and provide jobs for many members of their tribe (Morse, Goss 20-21). More recently, a new type of casino has emerged quickly into the gambling business, that being running casinos, or racinos. These casinos are essentially a horse-racing track, along with many other casino features, such as slot machines, video gambling terminals, card tables, etc.This brings in a diverse crowd of people, for a lot of people only like to gamble on live racing events. It also helps states invert gaming expansion to their current racing grounds, and the economic benefits have quite a positive y ield for the state (Morse, Goss 22). Each type of casino benefits the state in different ways. By a discount margin, there are more commercial casinos in the United States than tribal casinos, and tribal casinos are being built more rapidly (192 built between 2004-2007, as opposed to 175 commercial casinos built), so it is expected they will pass up commercial casinos in the near future.States benefit most from commercial casinos, receiving on median(a) 16. 4% of revenues, as opposed to just 6. 1% of revenue from the tribal casinos (Morse, Goss 23). One factor that has led to major success for casinos in the United States is the great amount of promotional material and advertising. The average casino spends 2. 5% of all revenues on promotion and advertising, which is a heavy amount compared to many other business industries. Throughout the years of the existence of legalized gambling, casinos have been figuring out the secret to generating the highest affirmable revenue, and th at is through promotion.Promotions for casinos originally started out pretty basic, offering a patron a needy bet if they come to the casino, or a free drink or meal. With the addition of hotels to many casinos, casinos began offering free night stays to customers, and sometimes even free transportation both to and from the casino for the time of their stay. Since then, there has been such an intense competition between casinos to attract gamblers to their establishment, so more and more promotions started to come into place and be offered by casinos around the country (Morse, Goss 27-28).Some casinos found their best strategy was to gestate their patrons to look. This came in either the form of simply handing the patron money upon walking in the door (usually between 5-$20, but sometimes upwards of $100), or paying the person for the amount of time they spent in the casino. This is done by activating a instrumentalist card, and every time that player sits down to play a game, they scan their card at that station and the system keeps track of how much time the player has spent gambling. Their account is then credited with however much money they earned during their time spent at the casino (Ogwyn).Competition between casinos continued to grow every year, and still does to this day. Promotions have depart a necessity in order for a casino to succeed, and many amenities have experience expected by patrons upon entering a casino. For one, soft drinks are expected to be complimentary at every casino. Many casinos have waiters and waitresses walking around taking orders, so there is a whatchamacallit of receiving a soft drink without needing to get up from your chair. It is seen as courteous to tip the servers, and is also seen as good karma for the gambling that is done after.The most intense promotion competitions take place in the major casino markets. Harrahs is a major casino corporation, and it is one of the highest spenders when it comes to promotion s. In 2005, it initiated possibly the biggest promotion in casino history, and that was the $1,000,000 Treasure Hunt. To partake in the hunt, customers had to go to one of the many Harrahs Casino locations in the country, and depending how much time the customer spent at the casino, they earned an entry (or multiple entries, depending on the oftenness of visits) into the contest.These entries represented an opportunity to partake in the actual treasure hunt, which took place in Las Vegas on November 10, 2005. A treasure chest containing $1,000,000 was placed in a remote desert location, and whoever found it early unbroken it all. This created an uproar of hype for Harrahs Casinos, and has helped increase revenues in the following years since as well. Many other casinos learned from that, and started similar promotions to help boost their own revenues. This is a good example of how casinos have been nurture from each other throughout time, and adjusting quickly to whatever is nec essary for maximum business.The bottom line when it comes to casino promotions do whatever it takes to get customers through the door revenues will generate from there (Morse, Goss 28). Many studies have been done to find the effect of legalized casino gambling in an area on the residents who reside in that area. A study done by Morse and Goss in 2005 had surprising results, finding that counties that legalized casino gambling experienced lower personal bankruptcy rates in the first several years of having a casino operating in the county.After those years, however, it was found that the personal bankruptcy rates began to rise, eventually decorous higher than the rates from before the legalization of casino gambling (Morse, Goss 53). Casinos have been growing and expanding ever since their first existence. It is a unique industry in that, unlike many other large industries, it is not that life-or-death to focus on cutting costs, while instead it is best to just focus on generating revenues. As said before, this industry has a history of experiencing great success, and it is only getting greater and greater each year.Looking at some statistics from 1998-2003 is a good way to show an example of this growth the average number of employees for stand-alone casinos in the United States went from 201 in 1998 to 265 in 2003, and in casino hotels it grew from 988 to 1,208 employees. Average pay for these employees grew as well. In 1998, stand-alone casino employees earned on average $21,700 a year, while in 2003 they earned $25,100 a year. It was a similar jump in salary for casino hotel employees, going from earning on average $23,700 a year to $26,100 a year (Morse, Goss 55). Today, the United States has an incredibly large market for casino gambling.There was an estimated 147 billion U. S. dollars in global revenue from casino gaming, and 60 billion of those dollars was from United States gambling. In the twenty states with legalized commercial gambling, there are about 450 commercial casinos in the United States (CASINO GAMBLING HISTORY). Gambling has been around since the beginning of United States history, and the creation and expansion of gambling centers that we call casinos has led to many opportunities for both growth and decline for citizens in this country. Whether viewed as positive or negative, casinos are here to stay for some time.

Mary Ellen Mark

The term photography originated from the Greek words drawing with arc (Grundberg, 2005). N bingle could be a to a biger extent apt name for this forgiving creation. Indeed, when it flourished in the early nineteenth century, we take a shit finally discovered a way to draw upon light and use it to freeze the ups and d declares of our rummy race. The photographers among us have taken pictures of scientific advancements and artistic marvels, of the great men and women that had greatly influenced our society, of sleepy villages and inanimate vistas, of family life, and of anything else that appeals to our desire to immortalize the parts of our existence. We have realized that photography is a useful hobby.But others find photography much than just a pastime. They are the virtuosos who not only capture a moment, but also, more important, shed light to those few living beneath the cracks in society. Such photographers, for instance, would go to any war-torn country, where they will document the struggles of child soldiers and the people trapped in war, so that hope safey politicians would lend a sympathetic ear, or a sensitive heart.And still other photographers would go to any undocumented sphere around the world to erase the bigotry and scorn with which so- covered social outcastslike prostitutesare treated. Diane Arbus, a renowned American photographer, once said, There are things nobody would see if I didnt photograph them. We have much to learn from the kind of societies we, as a whole, have madeand through photography we could net a difference.Mary Ellen kale, a photographer herself, embodies the same guiding principle in her line of work. She believes in the vastness of humanity, no matter where it is found. Despite the lucrative promise in her kind of work, which some of her contemporaries enjoy, Mark often gets out of the corporate world and plunges into a more intimate matchless, to the kind of menages where even pickings a picture of a bystan der might endanger her own life.Yet she is willing to trade her safety for the falsehood she gleans from the people around her. Many times, in 1978, while attempting to photograph the prostitutes of Falkland Road, Bombay, Mark have had to endure vocal insults and cascades of garbage thrown by people who felt threatened by her (Long, 2000). Others might call her style of photojournalism reckless(prenominal), if not suicidal, but Mark trusts people, and they to her in return. She has had a great journey so far, and shell unimpeachably not stop.More than thirty years had passed in her noble career. But, like every altruistic person who had elect to get out of the rat-race, Marks career started somewhat ordinarily, her revelation still at a distance. In the 1960s she began the long climb upwards to building a career, working for distinguished magazines such as Look and career. A somewhat glamorous job compared to what she is doing right now. Yet even at that time she was already pe rfecting her photojournalism as she composed rich photo essays for both news and fashion periodicals. And her clients was awingEsquire, Holiday, The New York Times, Magazine, Vogue, and many others.1965 was the year in which she finally got the chance to get out of the restrictive situation space. Mark received a Fulbright Scholarship, which she used promptly as a stepping stone to travel for deuce years in various countries such as Greece, Italy, Germany, Spain, and England (Long, 2000). She was slowly removing the chains that bound her to just one place, a kind of freedom that would serve her later on.Within the same decade Mark began using her television camera to illuminate the unseen-forgotten-neglected-prejudiced parts of society. Her viewpoint of things was changing. This time, instead of wallowing in glamour and news, she was immersing herself in the troubles of othersthe transvestites, pro-women and anti-war demonstrators, and others which have often got less from the sa me society to which they give much of their empty cries for equality, justice, and understanding, and acceptance.She was in the frontlines, and she documented it all using her camera. What I want to do more than anything is acknowledge their existence, she once said. One is considered a courteous host if one acknowledges the presence of some other. But Mary Ellen Mark, even as she was building a career, was more than just a courteous person. More than that. In fact, by acknowledging the existence of those around her, she was actually empowering them, putting them in condense and perspective, in the same way that a microscope examines the germs on a cruciblealthough in this case she was examining the wounds in society. Her camera became her metaphorical extended eye, one that opens her understanding. And with understanding she would also discover compassion.Production stills, used in Hollywood movies, came next in line for her. The work itself suited her photojournalismon one hand she was taking pictures on the other hand, heavy the meaning behind the pictures. When she took stills of Milos Formans One Flew over the Cuckoo Nest, a engage that was shot in an actual noetic hospital, Mark delved deep into the minds of the deeply troubled. The year was 1973. Eventually, to bring herself hand-to-hand to the patients, Mary Ellen Mark befriended the hospitals director (Long, 2000).Ive just always been interested in mental health, mental illness, she once said. But her interest didnt border on a morbid spell she just did it out of her passion for her line of work. And instead of portraying the patients as an insane collective with no cure, Mark valued their individuality, their unique personalities that still hide beneath the deranged mask (Long, 2000).That is one of her styles, her accept that not all things shape up exactly as they are in photographs. She believes something will appear divagation from what she believes to be real. Her belief is itself a sty le, for she incorporates it into her work. She whitethorn take a picture of a smiling child, for instance, and thus far not know what the child really feels she might not know that the child may be hiding a sadness deep within. Nevertheless, she still takes pictures be understanding part of her seeswhether consciously or subconsciouslya certain kinship with strangers, a human being seeing herself in others. And if that were the case, then perhaps one could even say that her style is more spiritual than personal, a way to find a place for herself in this world.To her, every person in the picture is a raconteur. A rodeo cowboy may appear masculine, but deep inside he tells a tale of his struggles to maintain that machismo image, if only to bring regimen on to his family table. Or a female patient in a mental hospital may appear incapable of focusing on to anything and is merely limited to mumblings, but the clarity in her eyeball or the pose at which her photo was taken suggest ot herwise. Storieseach of us has a story to tell, and one of the ways to telling it is through photographs.Mary Ellen Mark knows this well. Therefore, another of her style is to let her subjects tell their own stories, the attention away from her. Theres nothing much interesting about me whats interesting is the person Im photographing, and thats what I try to show, she once said. The end result, of course, is pictures that show vividly the stories of people, who seem to leap out of the paper, telling Look at my story to viewers. Marks photographs show the humanity in every human being, no matter where the photo was taken (Fulton).Mary Ellen Mark also loves showing the ironies of life and its participants. Yet another of her style, which she has applied when she made a photo-essay of 8 different traveling circuses (Long, 2000). She focused on the outfits characters, the runners of the showthe animals and the odd attractions such as the dwarf and the contortionists. For the first time in her life, she felt young again, a woman transported into a magical world. She beheld everything as though she were watching it through the eyes of an infant. She described it aptly It was full of ironies, often humorous and sometimes sad, beautiful and ugly, loving and at times cruel, but always human.Life is full of colorings, each unique unto itself. A painter or photographer blends these rich colors to great effect, oftentimes combining the real with the surreal. But even some painters and photographers do put away their color palettes at times. And why shouldnt they? After all, is it not true that the richness of colors can cause a sensory overload, too? Ellen Mark is such a person who thinks so. By using a black-and-white palette in her pictures, she hit the ceilings the parts of life and reality that are often overlooked. In approximately of her pictures, for instance, everything is made clearer by the lack of a rich palette, like a brief pause in life. The viewer then sees things that were once buried under colors.It is akin to the Zen concept of less is morein this case, the lack of too many colors tells more story about the place, things, and people in the photographs. Mark once took pictures of the kind of life that goes on inside a home for the sick and the dying. Here, she desolate all the salient information brought about by clashing colors, and instead brought out quite super the shocking details of the metal cots, the emaciated bodies, and the human fancies in agony (Long, 2000).Mary Ellen Mark is as unique as the characters in her photographs. But some couldnt help comparing her style to that of Diane Arbus. Both women enlarge life by reducing the colors to black-and-white both sympathize with those living outside the evaluate circles in society. But perhaps the thing that separates Mary Ellen Mark from her predecessor is her love of life, her constant looking forward to living. And it is perhaps for this same reason that she will co ntinue acknowledging the existence of otherswhereas Diane Arbus had already surrendered, after committing suicide in 1971 (Grundberg, 2005). Mark is now continuing where Arbus had left off.Fulton, Marianne (2000?). Mary Ellen Mark Some Thoughts.Retrieved on whitethorn 30, 2007 fromdigitaljournalist.org/issue9903/mark01.htmGrundberg, Andy (2005). Diane Arbus. Microsoft Encarta 2006 DVD. Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation, 2005. Microsoft Encarta 2006.Grundberg, Andy (2005). Photography. Microsoft Encarta 2006 DVD. Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation, 2005. Microsoft Encarta 2006. 1993-2005 Microsoft CorporationLong, Andrew (2000). Brilliant Careers.Retrieved on May 30, 2007 from

Masculinity in Waiting for Godot

AbstractThis paper aims to explore the theme of male person personness in Becketts hold for Godot. The main objective of this paper is to identify the experiences of male characters through with(predicate) which they try to keep their masculinity existent in Becketts play. It is rather relieve aceself that male characters atomic number 18 immutablely prevalent in the plot organise of the play without each effeminate character.Beckett has politic each(prenominal)y highlighted masculinity in his play dapple making the women off and through former(a) several(predicate) traits. Although, there ar many male characters but the proper hegemonic masculinity is finish uply presented by only one male character, Godot. Because, we mold that people are waiting for Godot to uphold them and the depiction of Godots physical appearance by boy also gives us the hint of Godots hegemonic masculinity.We also find male characters who are implemental.So, we tramp say that mascul inity is a dominant theme of this play. solely there are different kinds of masculinity such as hegemonic masculinity, yielding masculinity, untested masculinity and beside all this confuse of masculinity is also cut and clear in Becketts hold for Godot.keywords Masculinity, hegemonic, henpecked, immature, physical appearance, Godot, lost.DISCUSSIONBefore rootagele an analysis of this topic, masculinity requires definition. According to OED, masculinity is defined as having the quality of being mannish and OED defines masculine as having the qualities or appearance considered to be typical of men. In the same book, the word strong is used for masculine and according to my point of view this word strong is suitable here for masculinity. Because, I expect to explore masculinity in the finger of king as tumefy as strongness in wait for Godot.All the characters of Becketts play are male and they are having the quality of being masculine. So, in this context we can say that there is an obvious theme of masculinity in Becketts calculateing for Godot. But when we try to examine Becketts male characters from the percpective of aforementioned word strongness then we find confusion.Because, we can say that all his characters in time lag for Godot are masculine but we can non say that all the male characters are almighty. So, here we find masculinity of this play divided into two traits which are hegemonic masculinity and bowing or immature masculinity.First of all, I would uniform to discuss hegemonic masculinity in this play while analysing different characters such as Godot and Pozzo in the play, who possess hegemonic masculinity. According to R.W. Connells gender order theory, hegemonic masculinity is defined as practice that legitimizes mens dominant perplex in society. (Connell).Godot is a hegemonic masulinity in the play though it is a fact that Godot remains abscent end-to-end the play but still we can say that he is a powerful male being. As we descry that the two characters Vladimir and estragon constantly wait for the arrival of Godot as he is someone who would help them to come out of their difficulities.estragon Lets go.Vladimir We can non.Estragon Why not?Vladimir We are waiting for Godot. (Beckett, 66-68)These same dialogues are ingeminate by these two characters time and again. Their wait for Godot and the qualities of Godot gives us the hint of Godots hegemonic masculinity.Estragon What do we do now?Vladimir Wait for Godot. (Beckett, 63)And this is their routine though they know that Godot doesnt come at the end but still they are bound(p) to wait for him. It seems that they are unable to leave without meeting Godot. Estragon and Vladimir wait for Godot daily at a specific place but for the whole day and this thing gives us the intellect to precieve Godot as an classical figure.Vladimir level(p)?EstragonTi-ed.Vladimir How do you mean tied?EstragonDown.Vladimir But to whom. By whom?EstragonTo your man.Vladi mirTo Godot? Tied to Godot? What an idea No question of it. For the moment. (Beckett, 20-22)In Act 2, Beckett has given the description of Godots physical appearance by the boy.Godots physical appearance also channelizes his hegemonic masculinity as we are told that Godot is a character with white beard and this gives us the peculiar essence of an authoritative figure. Vladimir Has he beard, Mr. Godot? male child Yes, sir.Vladimir Fair or (he hesitates) or black? Boy I think its white, sir. (Beckett, 92)Although, it is a fact that Godot does not arrive in the play and many critiques argued his abscene as a lost masculinity.Jeffers in his article Lost Masculinity in hold for Godot and Endgame claimedGodots constant absence shows the impossibility of a return of the masculine authoritative tradition. (Jeffers, 95-96)Although with this fact of Godots constant absence, we cannot compeletly claim that Godot is not an authoritative figure and still this is a fact that Godot is a hegem onic masculinity.We gather in another character who tries to show his hegemonic masculinity and to some extent he is successful in presenting himself as a powerful figure.Pozzo is the headwaiter of halcyon, he is a landowner and the mien he treats his slave shows his power. In this play, it is Pozzo who has things to eat and in the very first act he ate chicken and then threw its bone. When Estragon asked him to have that bone equitable to cypher, Pozzo says that Estragon should ask it to Lucky because it is Luckys right to have the bones of Pozzo.He is trying to impose himself as God and Pozzo tries to show his high quality in different ways, when lucky refused to have bones, he saysPozzo I dont wish it. Ive never known him refuse a bone before. (Beckett, 27)While talking with Estragon and Vladimir, Pozzo talks about his superiority and according to him he is made in Gods image(23).At one place, Pozzo asked them if they want money from him. So, all these traits present him as a hegemonic masculinity or an authoritative figure, he shows a natural sense of authority and he considers everybody his subordinates. As he comes on stage for the very first time, Pozzo exudes the natural sense of authority that puts all other characters on stage in a subordinate position to him. (Wright, 18)But as the play moves on, we see Pozzo as a blind character in act 2. With this sharp blindness, he has the sense of authority as we see that even after his blindness he mal-treats Lucky as well as his language with Lucky. Pozzos sudden blindness also gives us the hint of his immature masculinity. Though emulating a Godot-like authority, Pozzos masculinity ultimately fails to notice a consistent hegemonic status because of the matrix of power that forces all within it beneath Godot in a hierarchy. (Wright, 1-24)We cannot totally disagree with this statement because what Wright has said is truth. Although, Godot and Pozzo are shown as powerful figure but the unstable power of Godot appears with his constant absence and Pozzos sudden blindness. I am not completely agreed with the aforementioned statement because even with their defects still they have the aviation of authoritative figures which remain throughout the play.As in this part I am discussing hegemonic masculinity in Becketts Waiting for Godot.So, I would also like to analyse Vladimir and Estragons character in this context. It is clear that the other characters do not share the sense of proper hegemonic masculinity but still at some places we observe that Estragon and Vladimir keep eachother just to get the sense of hegemonic masculinity.Vladimir is a male figure who tries to consolidate his hegemonic masculinity while controling Estragon whereas Estragon can only show his power over the boy. This mutual dependency and to control eachother is just to get the sense of hegemony which gives us to the sense of immature masculinity of the characters.As there is hegemonic masculinity in the pla y so we also find dominant theme of immature masculinity through different characters in this play. According to Oxford Dictionary dictionary, the word immature suggests to behave in a way that is not sensible and is typical of people who are much younger(Pg 761).Estragon and Vladimirs characters are better ex greats of this immature masculinity. Their constant wait for saviour in the shape of Godot shows their immature masculinity. Both these characters wait for Godot without any given reason and they do not give up even with Godots constant absence from the stage.Their inactivity and inability to do anything put a stuff to the immature masculinity that they are male or masculine and he is considered the symbol of power but these two characters are powerless and inactive.Vladimir We are waiting for Godot.EstragonAh whatll we do, whatll we doVladimir There is nothing we can do. (Beckett, 68)They themselves are unable to do anything but they are in vain hope to get help from Godot. Side by side this vain hope for saviour, they are mutually dependent on eachother and they could leave or stand firm alone. Even, these characters themselves do not know why dont they live without eachother. It is their weird attitude which makes them insensible.In the first act, Vladimir says Estragon that he could not defend himself thats why he does not live away from him.Estragon You see, you feel worse when im with you. I feel better alone, too.Vladimir whence why do you always come crawling back?Estragon I do not know.According to Wright in his article Gender and Power in Waiting for GodotEach character is unable to maintain a dominant power-position, masculinity throughout this play is atrophied and impotent and thus each characters position within a larger framework of gender and power is consistently unstable. (Ryan Wright,1-24)To some extent, he is quite right in his statement because the unstable and immature masculinity of some characters is quite clear. Estragon and Vladimir have submissive masculinity with insensibility. One of the critic argued As two main characters like Vladimir and Estragon usable purpose in their lives and their conversation to each other is purposeless and their conversation have no imperious meaning. (Bari, Mansoor, Alia, 312-315)Estragon is a male figure who is more submissive than that of Vladimir because it is Estragon who picks up the chicken ones to lick which are thrown by Pozzo and he is even ready to take money from pozzo. Whereas, Vladimir is also submissive as we see that he patch ups his masculinity infront of Godots character and remains inactive throughout the play.Their weird attitudes and imbecile discussion show their immaturity in the play. Even the boy who was sent by Godot was also submissive in front of Estragon and Vladimir. Lucky is also a clear example of submissive character. When Estragon asked about Luckys not putting the bag down, Pozzo said Has he not the right to? Certainly he has.It fol lows that he doesnt want to. There is reasoning for you. (Beckett, 31) The element of homosexuality in the play also throws an ample light on the submissiveness of characters. We can precieve Vladimir as a male character while on the other hand Estragon as an effiminate character.Their relationship seems to be the relationship of husband, wife. Both these characters are almost submissive and dependent on eacother.Immature masculinity at once becomes very clear when both Estragon and Vladimir start playing like children. At one place, Vladimir suggests Estragon to mimic Pozzo and Lucky and all these habits are quite childish of younger persons.The sudden defects of characters show the immaturity of male figures, as Pozzo was blind in minute of arc act and Lucky was dumb without any provided reason. The absurd way both the characters talk to eachother as well as we observe throughout the play that Estragon and Vladimir are in the habbit of forgetting things. This habit is more clear in Estragons character, the uncertainity and delibrate forgetfullness.It seems that Estragon himself doesnt want to remember things as Estragon says time and again I dont cope(66).There is some sort of paradox in this play as well. Man who is considered to be a powerful and strong figure, here we see him as a fearful, afraid and coward being. Both Estragon and Vladimir could not live alone without eachother.They are so afraid of living alone that they could not live even they want to. Neither of them actually wishing to be apart from eachother. They are men but they are behaving like little chickenhearted children. Even there are dialogues which give us hint that they try to motility apart but they are actually unable to do so.Vladimir I am glad to see you back. I thought you were gone forever.Estragon Me too. (Beckett)Masculinity is also present in the shape of violence and this is the isolation that whenever one tries to go near somebody else, he is violently treated by the oth er. And this thing is quite clear where Lucky hits Estragon.When Estragon goes near Lucky, it is Lucky who violently push him away. Here Estragon approaches Lucky and makes to purify his eyes. Lucky kicks him violently in the shins. Estragon drops the handkerchief, recoils, staggers about the stage howling with pain. (Beckett) We can have-to doe with this submissive masculinity with the life of Beckett. Beckett was an Anglo-Irish and the people had to submit their masculinity infront of the British.Jennifer M. Jeffers wrote in Traumatized Masculinity and Becketts Return thatThe Ireland that Beckett knew as a boy had vanished and the only return possible was through his writing. (Jeffers, 10)In this play, Becketts main male characters are submissive and inactive and the reason behind this is the history which Beckett has tried to present in his play. As the masculine figures of Ireland had to submit their masculinity in the hands of the British.And it was the lost masculinity in Ir eland, Beckett who was an Anglo-Irish, presented this hegemonic masculinity, lost masculinity and submissive masculinity in his play Waiting for Godot.My argument from chapter to chapter is that Beckett texts are grounded in his personal experience of what was literally erased from ordained historical record. (Jeffers, 1-10)Through these arguments it is clear that Beckett has presented different types of masculinity in this play while presenting six male characters without any female character.Many feminist critiques argued that there is politics of beckett behind not presenting female characters. Masculinity is so strong in his play that he even didnt use the word of woman or female for a single time.ConclusionSo, we can say that masculinity is the dominant theme of this play with only male characters.Thus, the aforementioned arguments clearly show us that masculinity is present but in different traits as hegemonic masculinity, submissive masculinity, immature masulinity, lost of masculinity as well as homosexuality in masculinity and all these types of masculinities are shown by six male characters who are in relationship with eachother in different ways.It can be also said that Beckett had tried to present history of Anglo-Irish males who were dominated by the British during colonization. Becketts waiting for Godot stage Western masculinity in order to enact the failure of Western patriarchy. (Jeffers,9). formulate CitationBeckett, Samuel. (1956). Waiting for Godot. faber and faber limited. Pp 9-94.Jeffers, Jennifer M. (2009).Traumatized Masculinity and Becketts Return. Becketts Masculinity. St. Martins Press LLC, peeled York. Pp 9-37.Wright, Ryan. (2016).Gender and Power in Waiting for Godot. The Oswald Review An planetary Journal of Undergraduate Research and Criticism in the Discipline of English. vol. 18 iss. 1, Article. 3. Pp 5-28.Khan, Abdul Bari, Hafiza Sana Mansoor, Huma Alia. (2015).The Impact of Absurdism in Waiting for Godot. International Jou rnal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education. vol. 1, iss 2. Pp 312-315.Jeffers, Jennifer M. (2009).Embodying Lost Masculinity in Waiting for Godot. Becketts Masculinity. St. Martins Press LLC, New York. Pp 95-118.Hancock, Mark, Michael Ashby. (2015).Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ed. 9. Pp 1-930.Beckett, Samuel. (1982). Waiting for Godot. Grove Press, New York. print.

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